Chapter 3 CENTURIES OF DISCUSSION.

Wide Differences of Opinion.-Views of Talmudists.-Hamburger's

Testimony.-Strictness in Principle.-Exceptions in Practice.-Isaac

Abohab's Testimony.-Christian Fathers not Agreed.-Martyrdom Price

of Truthtelling.-Justin Martyr's Testimony.-Temptations of

Early Christians.-Words of Shepherd of Hermas.-Tertullian's

Estimate.-Origen on False Speaking.-Peter and Paul at Antioch.-

Gregory of Nyssa and Basil the Great.-Deceit in Interests of

Harmony.-Chrysostom's Deception of Basil.-Chrysostom's Defense

of Deceit.-Augustine's Firmness of Position.-Condemnation of

Lying.-Examination of Excuses.-Jerome's Weakness and Error.-Final

Agreement with Augustine.-Repetition of Arguments of Augustine and

Chrysostom.-Representative Disputants.-Thomas Aquinas.-Masterly

Discussion.-Errors of Duns Scotus.-John Calvin.-Martin Luther.-

Ignatius Loyola.-Position of Jesuits.-Protestants Defending Lying.

-Jeremy Taylor.-Errors and Inconsistencies.-Wrong Definitions.-

Misapplication of Scripture.-Richard Rothe.-Character, Ability,

and Influence. in Definition of Lie.-Failure to Recognize.-Error

Love to God as Only Basis of Love to Man.-Exceptions in Favor of

Lying.-Nitzsch's Claim of Wiser and Nobler Methods than Lying in

Love.-Rothe's Claim of Responsibility of Loving Guardianship-No

Countenance of Deception in Example of Jesus.-Prime Error of Rothe.

-Opinions of Contemporary Critics.-Isaac Augustus Dorner.-

Character and Principles.-Keen Definitions.-High Standards.-

Clearness and Consistency.-Hans Lassen Martensen.-Logic Swayed by

Feeling.-Right Premises and Wavering Reasonings.-Lofty Ideals.-

Story of Jeanie Deans.-Correct Conclusions.-Influence of Personal

Peculiarities on Ethical Convictions.-Contrast of Charles Hodge and

James H. Thornwell.-Dr. Hodge's Correct Premises and Amiable

Inconsistencies.-Truth the Substratum of Deity.-Misconceptions of

Bible Teachings.-Suggestion of Deception by Jesus Christ.-Error as

to General Opinion of Christians.-Dr. Hodge's Conclusions Crushed

by his Premises.-Dr. Thornwell's Thorough Treatment of Subject.-

Right Basis.-Sound Argument.-Correct Definitions.-Firmness for

Truth.-Newman Smyth's Manual.-Good Beginning and Bad Ending.-

Confusion of Terms.-Inconsistencies in Argument.-Loose Reasoning.

-Dangerous Teachings.-James Martineau.-Fine Moral Sense.-Conflict

between Feeling and Conviction.-Safe Instincts.-Thomas Fowler.-

Higher Expediency of Veracity.-Importance to General Good.-Leslie

Stephen.-Duty of Veracity Result of Moral Progress.-Kant and

Fichte.-Jacobi Misrepresented.-False Assumptions by Advocates of Lie

of Necessity.-Enemies in Warfare not Justified in Lying.-Testimony

of Cicero.-Macaulay on Lord Clive's Treachery.-Woolsey on

International Law.-No Place for Lying in Medical Ethics.-Opinions

and Experiences of Physicians.-Pliny's Story of Roman Matron.-Victor

Hugo's Sister Simplice.-Words of Abbé Sicard.-Tact and

Principle.-Legal Ethics.-Whewell's View.-Opinion of Chief-Justice

Sharswood.-Mistakes of Dr. Hodge.-Lord Brougham's Claim.-False

Charge against Charles Phillips.-Chancellor Kent on Moral

Obligations in Law and in Equity.-Clerical Profession Chiefly

Involved.-Clergymen for and against Lying.-Temptation to Lies of

Love.-Supreme Importance of Sound Principle.-Duty of Veracity to

Lower Animals.-Dr. Dabney's View.-Views of Dr. Newman Smyth.-Duty

of Truthfulness an Obligation toward God.-Lower Animals not Exempt

from Principle of Universal Application.-Fishing.-Hunting.-Catching

Horse.-Professor Bowne's Psychological View.-No Place for Lying

in God's Universe.-Small Improvement on Chrysostom's Argument for

Lying.-Limits of Consistency in Logical Plea.-God, or Satan.